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For example, self-efficacy theory attends to vicarious expe- riences of observing similar others' success at a task, as well as social persuasion by significant others, as influencing individuals' self-efficacy beliefs (Bandura, 1997; Usher & Pajares, 2008).
Thus, a teacher might believe that well-implemented cooperative learning activi- ties will improve student learning (outcome expectancy), but her belief in her ability to implement those activities reflects her self-efficacy beliefs.
Self-efficacy beliefs are argued to have a more direct influence on behavior, as they determine whether, regardless of the value of the task, the person thinks he or she can successfully complete the task (Bandura, 1997).
(1998) model includes a cycle through which self-efficacy beliefs are created, assessed, and utilized.
Sources of self-efficacy beliefs in this model are drawn from those proposed by Bandura (1977): mastery experiences, vicarious experiences, verbal persuasion, and physiological cues.
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